Researchers have developed a way to use smartphone images of a person's eyelids to assess blood haemoglobin levels — a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
The ability to perform one of the most common clinical lab tests without a blood draw could help reduce the need for in-person clinic visits, make it easier to monitor patients who are in critical condition, the study, published in the Optica journal said. "Our new mobile health approach paves the way for bedside or remote testing of blood haemoglobin levels for detecting anaemia, acute kidney injury and haemorrhages, or for assessing blood disorders such as sickle cell anaemia." said study researcher Young Kim from Purdue University in the US.
The research team used software to transform the built-in camera of a smartphone into a hyperspectral imager that reliably measures haemoglobin levels without the need for any hardware modifications or accessories. A pilot clinical test with volunteers showed that prediction errors for the smartphone technique were within five to 10 per cent of those measured with clinical laboratory blood.
The researchers created a mobile health version of this analysis by using an approach known as spectral super-resolution spectroscopy. This technique uses software to virtually convert photos acquired with low-resolution systems such as a smartphone camera into high-resolution digital spectral signals. The research team selected the inner eyelid as a sensing site because microvasculature is easily visible there; it is easy to access and has relatively uniform redness.
The inner eyelid is also not affected by skin colour, which eliminates the need for any personal calibrations. To perform a blood haemoglobin measurement with the new technique, the patient pulls down the inner eyelid to expose the small blood vessels underneath. A healthcare professional or trained person then uses the smartphone app developed by the researchers to take pictures of the eyelids.
A spectral super-resolution algorithm is applied to extract the detailed spectral information from the camera's images and then another computational algorithm quantifies the blood haemoglobin content by detecting its unique spectral features. The mobile app includes several features designed to stabilise smartphone image quality and synchronize the smartphone flashlight to obtain consistent images. It also provides eyelid-shaped guidelines on the screen to ensure that users maintain a consistent distance between the smartphone camera and the patient's eyelid.
After undergoing tests with over 150 volunteers, the results showed that the mobile health test could provide measurements comparable to traditional blood tests. "Combining the built-in sensors available in today's smartphones with data-centric approaches can quicken the tempo of innovation and research translation in this area," Kim noted.
