There is no evidence that blood pressure-lowering drugs increase the risk of cancer, according to the most extensive study conducted on the topic. The late-breaking research is presented at ESC Congress 2020.
"Our results should reassure the public about the safety of antihypertensive drugs with respect to cancer, which is of paramount importance given their proven benefit for protecting against heart attacks and strokes," said study author Emma Copland, an epidemiologist at the University of Oxford, UK.
A potential link between blood pressure drugs and cancer has been debated for more than 40 years. The evidence for an increased or decreased risk of cancer with the use of antihypertensive medication has been inconsistent and conflicting.
This was the largest study on cancer outcomes in participants of randomised trials investigating antihypertensive medication - around 260,000 people in 31 trials. Investigators of all trials were asked for information on which participants developed cancer. Much of this information has not been published before, making the current analysis the most detailed yet.
Five antihypertensive drug classes were investigated separately: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and diuretics.
The investigators estimated the effect of each drug class on the risk of developing any type of cancer, of dying from cancer, and of developing breast, colorectal, lung, prostate and skin cancers.
They also examined whether there were any differences according to age, gender, body size, smoking status and previous antihypertensive medication use before taking part in the trial.
During an average of four years, there were around 15,000 new diagnoses of cancer. The researchers found no evidence that the use of any antihypertensive drug class increased the risk of cancer. This finding was consistent regardless of age, gender, body size, smoking status and previous antihypertensive medication use.
Each drug class was compared against all other control groups, including placebo, standard treatment and other drug classes.
There was no important effect on any individual drug class on overall cancer risk. The hazard ratio (HR) for any cancer was 0.99 (95 per cent confidence interval [CI]) 0.94-1.04) with ACE inhibitors, 0.97 (95 per cent CI 0.93-1.02) with ARBs, 0.98 (95 per cent CI 0.89-1.08) with beta-blockers, 1.06 (95 per cent CI 1.01-1.11) with CCBs and 1.01 (95 per cent CI 0.95-1.07) with diuretics.
In statistical terms, these effect sizes were not significantly different from each other, so there was no evidence of an increased risk of cancer with any of the drug classes.
Similarly, there was no evidence that any type of antihypertensive medication had an effect on the probability of developing breast, colorectal, lung, prostate, or skin cancer.
When participants were followed throughout the course of each trial, there was no indication that the risk of cancer increased with longer duration of use of these treatments.
"Our study has addressed an ongoing controversy about whether antihypertensive medication increases the risk of developing cancer. We used the largest individual-level randomised evidence on antihypertensive medication to date and provide evidence for the safety of blood pressure-lowering drugs in relation to cancer," Copland said.
