World TB Day 2026: What Tuberculosis Is, Symptoms, Spread, and Prevention

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Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lungs, but it can also damage the brain, spine, or kidneys. TB develops slowly and can remain inactive in the body for years before becoming active and contagious.

TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. Breathing in these bacteria can lead to infection, especially in crowded or poorly ventilated spaces. It does not spread through touch, food, or sharing objects, which is a common misconception.

A persistent cough lasting more than two weeks is the most recognised symptom. Other signs include chest pain, coughing up blood, fever, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms often build gradually, which delays diagnosis if ignored.

Latent TB means the bacteria are present in the body but inactive and not contagious. Active TB means the bacteria are multiplying, causing symptoms and spreading to others. Many people with latent TB never develop the active form, but the risk remains.

Despite medical advances, TB continues to affect millions each year, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Factors like malnutrition, poor living conditions, and limited access to healthcare make it harder to control the disease at scale.

TB treatment involves a strict course of antibiotics taken for at least six months. Missing doses or stopping early can lead to drug-resistant TB, which is harder and longer to treat. Adherence to the full treatment plan is critical for recovery.

Early testing and diagnosis are key to stopping spread. The BCG vaccine offers protection, especially for children. Good ventilation, covering your mouth while coughing, and completing treatment if diagnosed are practical ways to reduce transmission risk.

India carries one of the highest TB burdens globally. National programmes aim to eliminate TB through free testing, treatment support, and awareness campaigns. The focus is on early detection, reducing stigma, and ensuring patients complete treatment.

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